The Effectiveness of the Fish-Bone Strategy in Learning Arabic Grammatical Rules in Saudi Arabia

(Feras Mohammed Al-Madani)

---

Abstract

This research aims to show the effectiveness of the fish-bone strategy in learning and grasping Arabic grammatical rules among grade five students. The researcher used a quasi-experimental approach. The study sample comprised 59 students, of which 29 students were the experimental group, and 30 students were the control group. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher chose the following tools: a grammar achievement test, a teacher's guide, an exercise book and student activities. The students' performances in the experimental and control groups were compared, and the results of the study show significant differences between the two groups. The experimental group delivered better results in the grammar achievement test, as calculated by Blake’s modified gain ratio of more than 1. This shows the effectiveness of the fish-bone strategy in improving grade five students' learning of Arabic grammatical rules. By grasping and understanding these rules, they can use them in their daily language. Considering these results, the researcher listed a set of recommendations including the importance of workshops to train teachers in the fish-bone strategy. This strategy proves to be effective in teaching, straightforward to use and suitable for teaching the Arabic language.

KEYWORDS
Constructivism theory, experimental method, teaching grammar

PDF

References

Abdel Hadi, S. A. (2013). Athar Tawzif 'Listratijiat Eizm Alsamak fi Tanmiat Almafahim Aleilmiat Wamuharat Altafkir Alnaaqid fi Eulum Alsihat Walbiyat Ladaa Tullab Alsafi Aleashir Al'asasi  'The Effect of Employing the Fishbone Strategy on Developing Scientific Concepts and Critical Thinking Skills in Health and Environmental Sciences for the Tenth Graders Students'. Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Islamic University, Gaza. [in Arabic]
AbdelAzim, S. (2018). Al'aleab Allughawiat fi Taelim Alnahw Alearabii Lilnaashiata 'Linguistic Games in Teaching Arabic Grammar for Young Adults'. Cairo: Battana Publishing and Distribution. [in Arabic]
Abdullah, A. H. (2003). Athara altatbiqat alnahwiat almukathafat almusawarat ealaa tahsil talamidh alsafi alssadis alaibtidayiyi fi alqawaeid alnahwiat waihtifazihim biha 'The effect of Intensive pictured- grammatical applications on the sixth graders' achievement and retention of grammar'. Journal of Studies in Curricula and Teaching Methods, Egyptian Association for Curricula and Teaching Methods, n/a(84), n/a.  [in Arabic].
AbuAmra, H. (2010). Athar Barnamaj Muqtarah Lieilaj Sueubat Alnahw Ladaa tlbt Alsafi Alssadis Al'asasii Bighazati 'The Effect of a Proposed Program for Treating Grammar Difficulties for Sixth-graders in Gaza`. Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Islamic University, Gaza. [in Arabic]
AbuHarb, Y. (2004). Aljadid fi Altaelim Altaeawunii limarahil Altaelum Waltaelim Aleali  'New in Cooperative Education for Stages of Learning and Higher Education'. Amman: Hunayn House for Publishing and Distribution. [in Arabic]
AbuHatab, F. and Sadiq, H. (2014). Umuin Al'iinsan min Aljiniyn 'Iilaa Marhalat Almasnin 'Human Growth from Fetus to Elderly Stage'. Cairo: The Anglo-Egyptian Library. [in Arabic]
Al Kalbani, Z. S. (2010). Faeiliat Haqibat Taelimiatan Muhwsabat fi Tanmiat Almafahim Alnahwiat Walsarfiat Wal'ada' Allaghawii Walaitijah Ladaa Talibat Aleashir fi Saltanat Euman 'The Effect of Applying a Cartooning Project Teaching me Arabic to Raise the level of Academic Achievement of Grammatical Rules for Sixth-grade Primary School pupils at Arad Primary School for Girls'. Unpublished PhD thesis, Institute for Arab Research and Studies, Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science. Oman. [in Arabic]
Al-Aleit, A. M. (2010). Mustawaa Al'ada' Allaghawii Alshafhii Litalamidh Alsafi Alssadis Alaibtidayiyi fi daw' bed Almiharat Almukhtarati 'The level of oral performance of oral sixth-grade students in the light of some selected skills'. Unpublished master thesis, College of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. [in Arabic]
Al-Anzi, K. (2008). Athar Aistikhdam 'Iistratijiat Altaealim Altaeawunia fi tanmiat bed Almiharat Alnihwiati 'The Effect of using Cooperative Learning Strategy on Developing Some Grammatical Skills'. Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. [in Arabic]
Al-Dabsi, A. (2012). Athar aistikhdam 'iistratijiat eizm alsamak fi tanmiat almafahim aleilmiat fi madat aleuluma: Dirasat tajribiat ealaa talamidh alsaf alrrabie al'asasii fi muhafazat rayf dimashqa 'The effect of using fish bone strategy on developing scientific concepts in science subject "An experimental study on fourth-grade primary students in Damascus rural side'. Damascus University Journal, 28(2), 239–58. [in Arabic] 
Aliakbari, M. and Toni, A. (2009). The effects of Error Correction Strategies on the grammatical Accuracy of the Iranian English learners. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 13(1), 99–112.
Al-Khalidi, I. I. (2017). Athar tatbiq mashrae rasumii alkartuniat taelamani alearabiat fi rafe mustawaa altahsil aldirasii lilqawaeid alnahwiat litalmidhat alsafi alssadis alaibtidayiyi bimudrasat earad alaibtidayiyat lilabanati  'The effect of applying a cartooning project teaching me Arabic to raise the level of academic achievement of grammatical rules for sixth-grade primary school pupils at Arad Primary School for Girls'. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences. The National Research Center in Gaza, 1(7), 85–96. [in Arabic]
Al-Khalifa, H. J. (2014). Fusawl fi Tadris Allughat Alearabiati  'Classes in Teaching Arabic'. Riyadh: Al-Rashed Library. [in Arabic]
Al-Lahibi, R. N. and Al-Nimri, H. (2010). Faeiliat Aistikhdam Al'aleab Altaelimiat fi Aiktisab Talmidhat Alsafi Alkhamis Alaibtidayiyi bed Almafahim Alnahwiati 'The Effectiveness of using Educational games in Acquiring Fifth-Graders' Female of Primary School some Grammatical Concepts'. Master's thesis, College of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. [in Arabic]
Al-Madani, F. M. (2013). Athar Aistikhdam Altaelum Waltaelim Almutamazij Ealaa Tahsil Tullab Alsafi Alkhamis Alaibtidayiyi fi Muqarar Laghti Aljamilati, Wamadaa Tanmiat Altafkir Al'iibdaeii Allafazii Ladayhim 'The Effect of Blended Learning Approach on Academic Achievement and the Development of Verbal Creative Thinking in Saudi Arabia'. Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, College of Education, 2(155), n/a. [in Arabic]
Al-Mousawi, S. A. (2013). Athar 'Listratijiat Eizm Alsamkat fi Aiktisab Maharat Altafkir Alttarikhii Ladaa Talibat Alsafi Alththani Almutawasti 'The Effect of Fishbone Strategy on Acquiring Historical Thinking Skills for Middle School Students'. Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, University of Karbala, Iraq. [in Arabic]
Al-Qotiti, Y. O. (2017). Faeiliat Altadris Biastikhdam 'Iistratijiat Eizm Alsamakat fi Tanmiat Maharat Altaebir Alkitabii Ladaa Tullab Alsafi Alththamin al'asasii fi Saltanat Eumaan 'The Effect of Applying a Cartooning Project Teaching me Arabic to Raise the Level of Academic Achievement of Grammatical Rules for Sixth-Grade Primary School Pupils at Arad Primary School for Girls'. Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. [in Arabic]
Al-Shaer, G. M. (2005). Athar 'iistratijiat altaealim altaeawania fi 'iiksab almafahim alnahwiat ladaa tlbt alsafi alssadis alaibtidayiyi bimuhafazat al'iihsa  'The effect of the cooperative learning strategy on the acquisition of grammatical concepts among sixth-grade primary students in Al-Ahsa Governorate'. Journal of Studies in Curricula and Teaching Methods, Egyptian Association for Curricula and Teaching Methods, n/a(109), 15–43. [in Arabic]
Barry, B. (2012). Grammatical Analysis. USA: University of Hawaii Press. Oceanic Linguistics.
Bouafia, R. (2013). Mukhatat Eizmat Alsamaka 'Diagram Fish Bone Problem Solving Model'. Available at: http://www.khutabaa.com (accessed on 20/03/2020) [in Arabic]
Dalrymple, J. (2015). Teaching and Learning Law with Graphic Organizers. Retrieved form. Available at: https://cutt.us/HhEmk (accessed on 03/02/2020).
Deif Allah, S. M. (2015). Athar aistikhdam 'iistratijiat eizm alsamkat fi tadris aleulum fi tanmiat maharat altafkir al'iibdaeii ladaa talibat alsafi alssadis fi muhafazat altayf  'The effect of using fishbone strategy in teaching science in developing creative thinking skills for female-sixth grade in Taif Governorate'. Journal of the Faculty of Education in Assiut, 31(2), 292–331. [in Arabic]
El-Sherbiny, D. F. (2011). Athar aistikhdam alrusum altawdihiat fi tadris aldirasat alaijtimaeiat ealaa altahsil walwaey bimushkilat albiyat almahaliyat ladaa tullab alsafi alkhamis alaibtidayiy 'The effect of using infographics in teaching social studies on achievement and awareness of local environment problems among fifth grade primary students'. Journal of the Educational Association for Social Studies, n/a(40), 106–36. [in Arabic]
Ha, T. and Strongman, N. (2012). Graphic Organizer. Wakefield Ma: National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum. Available at: https://cutt.us/eVZrD. (accessed on 18/03/2020).
Hammoud, A. A. (2016). Aistiqsa' faealiat kl min 'iistratijiat altafkir bisawt murtafie wa'iistiratijiat eizm alsamakat fi tanmiat alaistidlal aleilmii liltalab watahsilihim lilmaerifat aleilmiati  'Investigating the efficiency of both the loud thinking strategy and the fishbone strategy in developing students ’scientific reasoning and scientific knowledge achievement'. Al Ostaz Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,    1(206), 451–80. [in Arabic]
Hawass, N. (2007). Aistikhdam Almunazamat Almutaqadimat Wal'aleab Altarbawiat fi Tadris Qawaeid Allughat Wa'athariha Ealaa Altahsil Walmayl Nahw Almadat Wabiqa' Altaelim Ladaa Talamidh Alsafi alsaadis 'The use of Advanced Organizations and Educational Games in Teaching Grammar and its Effect on Achievement and a Tendency Towards Material and the Survival of Learning for Sixth Graders'. Unpublished PhD thesis, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. [in Arabic]
Issa, M. A. (2013). Istratijiat muqtarahat qayimat ealaa altaelum almutamarkuz hawl almushkilat litanmiat tahsil alqawaeid alnahwayat watatbiqiha fi al'ada' alshafhii walkitabii ladaa tullab alsafi al'awal althaanwi 'A proposed strategy based on problem-centered learning to develop grammatical achievement and its application in oral and written performance for first secondary school students'. The Educational Journal, 27(106), 357–404. [in Arabic]
Jari, K. A. (2018). Athar 'iistratijiat eizm alsamkat fi tahsil tullab alsafi alththani almutawasit limadat alttarikh alearabii al'iislamii watanmiat tafkirihim alaistidlalii 'The effect of fishbone strategy on the achievement of intermediate second-grade students of Arab-Islamic history and the development of their inferential thinking'. Journal of Arts, Literature, Linguistics and Sociology, Emirates College of Educational Sciences, 2(23), n/a. [in Arabic]
Jawad, M. A. (2015). Namadhij Hadithatan Litadris Almafahim Alnihwiati: Earad tatbiqi  'Modern Models for Teaching Grammatical Concepts: A Practical Presentation'. Jordan: Al-Radwan Publishing and Distribution House. [in Arabic]
Khago, M. H., Hawri, M. A. (2016). Tariqat muqtarahat litadris al'iierab fi alnahw 'A suggested introduction to the grammar teaching in university education through defining grammatical concepts'. Al-Nasser University magazine, n/a(8), n/a. Available at: http://www.al-edu.com/research-archives-ar/.(accessed on 12/02/2020). [in Arabic]
Madkour, A. (2010). Tadris Funun Allughat Alearabiati 'Teaching Arabic Language Arts'. Jordan: Dar Al Masirah for Printing and Publishing. [in Arabic]
McClanahan, E. and Wicks, C. (1994). Future Force: Kids That Want To, Can, and Do!: A Teacher's Handbook. Washington: Griffin Publishing
Murad, S. A. M. (2010). Thar aistikhdam dawrat altaelim alkhimasiat litadris alqawaeid alnahwiat ealaa altahsil watanmiat altafkir alaistidlalii ladaa talamidh almarhalat al'iiedadiati 'The effect of using the five-year learning course to teach grammar rules on achievement and development of inferential thinking among middle school students'. Reading and Knowledge Magazine, Egyptian Society for Reading and Knowledge. n/a(110), n/a. [in Arabic]
Nasir, M. (2016). Fishbone Strategy in Teaching English Indonesia Tool Organizer for learning EFL Reading. The Second International Conference on Education and Language (2nd ICEL) Bandar Lampung University (UBL). Indonesia, 20-21/5/2016.
Qatami, Y., Al-Rousan, M. (2005). Alkharayit Almufahimiatu 'Concept Maps'. Jordan: Al Fikr House. [in Arabic]
Rahman, F. (2011). Problem – Based learning in English language classes at secondary levels. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(1).n/a. 
Saeed, N. S. (2015). Athar aistikhdam 'iistratijiat almunazamat almutaqadimat fi tadris alqawaeid alnahwiat ealaa tahsil talibat alsafi alththamin fi almarhalat al'asasiat aleulya bimuhafazat ghaza 'The effect of using advanced organizations strategy in teaching grammatical rules on the achievement of eighth grade female students in the upper basic stage in Gaza Governorate'. The Islamic University Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 23(1), 205-238. 
Sakarneh, B. K. (2009). Altatwir Altanzimiu Wal'iidari 'Organizational and Administrative Development'. Jordan: House of the March for Publishing and Distribution. [in Arabic]
Shaiban, M. A. (2010). Listratijiat Eizm alsamikati 'Fishbone Strategy, Total Quality Management'. Total Quality Management, Department of Administrative Development, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 03-05/08/2020 [in Arabic]
Shehata, H. (2012). Almarjie fi Taelim Allughat Alearabiat Watuelimha 'The Reference in Teaching and learning Arabic'. Cairo: Arab House Book Library. [in Arabic]
Simmonds, P. J. (2013). Using Fishbone Analysis to Investigate Problems. Nursing Times, 109(15), 18–20. 
Tahtawi, M. S. (2015). Athar Aistikhdam 'Iistratijiat Eizm Alsamkat fi Tadris Aldirasat Alaijtimaeiat Ealaa Altahsil Almuerifii Watanmiat Altafkir Altabaeudii Ladaa Talamidh Alsafi Al'awal Al'iiedadii 'The Effect of Using Fishbone Strategy in Teaching Social Studies on Cognitive Achievement and the Development of Divergent Thinking Among Middle School Students'. Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Sohag University. Egypt [in Arabic]
Titi, M. Y. (2015). Faeiliat aistikhdam 'iistratijiat eizm alsamak fi tahsin altahsil ladaa tullab alsafi alssadis al'asasii fi madat aleulumi 'The effectiveness of using the fish bone strategy to improve achievement among sixth graders in the science subject'. Journal of the Faculty of Education in Assiut. 22(4), 225–81. [in Arabic]
Zayed, F. K. (2009). Al'akhta' Alshaayieat Alnahwiat Walsarfiat Wal'iimlayiyat Eind Altalamidh Waturuq Muealijatiha 'Common Grammatical, Morphological and Spelling mistakes of Students and Methods of Treatment'. Jordan: Al-Yazuri House for Publishing and Distribution. [in Arabic]