Self-Concept and its Components for Developing Research in Positive Psychology: An Integrative Model

(Khaled H. Elsherif )

---

Abstract

The study aimed to reduce researchers’ suffering from the abundance and diversity of psychological and educational research that deals with self-concept and its components. The challenge with starting from different theoretical frameworks is that this reflects negatively on the results and variables associated with each component. There are also many self-components, combined with the synonymy of some names, that confuse researchers and place research in the cycle of stereotyping and repetition. Therefore, presenting a graphical form that includes a description of the self-concept components and clarifies the relationships between them and their role in the structure of the human self contributes to solving this problem. In the theoretical framework, the theoretical concepts of the components were reviewed, and the method for developing integrated models that aim to transfer self-concept research in psychology from the level of description to the level of analysis was explained by taking advantage of the huge number of empirical studies on the self. A questionnaire consisting of four dimensions, including 40 items, was applied to a sample of 12 psychology experts. The results indicated that the self-concept serves as a basis for an integrated model of the self-components. The spatial analogy method was used in developing the model inputs, processes, and outputs. The sub-components that are closest in relationship to the self-concept are self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self in the operations stage. The next closest variables are self-regulation, self-affirmation, self-actualization, and self-compassion. The model explains each in detail, and a set of recommendations and proposals were produced.
KEYWORDS
single entry static models, self regulation, self efficacy, educational psychology, psychology experts, self esteem
PDF

References

Adler, N. and Stewart, J. (2004). Self-Esteem. Available at: http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/notebook/selfesteem.html (accessed on 12/12/2019) 
Amiot, C.E., De la Sablonniere, R., Terry, D.J. and Smith, J.R. (2007). Integration of social identities in the self: Toward a cognitive-developmental model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(4), 364–88.‏
Allahyari, B. and Jenaabadi, H. (2015). The role of assertiveness and Self-Assertion in female high school students emotional Self-Regulation, Creative Education, 6(14), 1616–22. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2015.614163
Allport, G.W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York, USA: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Argyle, M. (2008). Social Encounters: Contributions to Social Interaction. London, England: Routledge.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, USA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
Baumeister, R.F. (1999). The self in Social Psychology. Philadelphia, USA: PA: Psychology Press.
Bee, H.L. (1992). The Developing Child. London, England: HarperCollins.
Bracken, B.A. (1996). Handbook of Self-Concept: Developmental, Social, and Clinical Considerations. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Brown, J. M., Miller, W.R., and Lawendowski, L.A. (1999). The Self-Regulation Questionnaire. In: L. VandeCreek and T.L. Jackson (Eds.) Innovation in Clinical Practice: A Source Book. Sarasota, USA: Professional Resource Press.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco, USA: Freeman.
Couture, M., Desrosiers, J. and Leclerc, G. (2007). Self-actualization and poststroke rehabilitation. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 30(2), 111–7. DOI:10.1097/MRR.0b013e32813a2ea5
Crisp, R.J. and Turner, R.N. (2010). Essential Social Psychology. London, England: Sage Publications.
Giorgi, A. (1985). Phenomenology and Psychological Research. Pittsburg, USA: Duquesne Press.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. USA: Bantam Books, Inc.
Harter, S. (1999). The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. New York, USA: Guilford Press.
Heatherton,T.F.(2011). Neuroscience of self and self-regulation. Annu Rev Psychol, n/a(62), 363–90. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131616
 Kotabe, H.P. and Hofmann, W. (2015). On integrating the components of self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Sciences, 10(5), 618–38.
Kuhn, M.H. (1960). Self-attitudes by age, sex and professional training. Sociological Quarterly, n/a(1), 39–56.
Marchis, I. and Balogh, T. (2010). Secondary school pupils self-regulated learning skills. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 3(3), 230–62.
Marsh, H.W., Pekrun, R., Murayama, K., Arens, A.K., Parker, P.D., Guo, J. and Dicke, T. (2018). An integrated model of academic self-concept development. Developmental Psychology, 54(2), 263–80.
McLeod, S.A. (2008). Self Concept. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html (accessed on 03/11/2019) 
Neff, K.D., Kirkpatrick, K.L., and Rude, S.S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, n/a(41), 139–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004.
Lewis, M. (1990). Self-Knowledge and Social Development in Early Life. In: L.A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality, New York, USA: Guilford.
Pembroke, N. (2002). Moving Towards Spiritual Maturity: Psychological, Competitive, and Moral Challenges in Christian Living. New York, USA: Haworth Pastoral Press.
Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-Centered Framework. In: S. Koch (eds.) Psychology: A Study of a Science, Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York, USA: McGraw Hill.
 Schunk, D.H. (1995). Development of Strategic Competence through Self-Regulations of Attributions. Available at: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED391821 (accessed on 03/11/2019) 
Stosny, S. (2014). How Much Do You Value Yourself?. Psychology Today. Available at: awww.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/anger-in-the-age-entitlement/201406/how-much-do-you-value-yourself (accessed on 10/11/2019)
Zhu, J. (2019). What is Self-Awareness and Why is it Important?. Available at: https://positivepsychology.com/self-awareness-matters-how-you-can-be-more-self-aware/ (accessed on 09/11/2019)
Zimmerman, B.J. (1986). Development of self-regulated learning: which are the key sub-processes?. Contemporary Educational Psychology, n/a(16), 307–13. 
Zimmerman, B.J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 65–70.
Zumbrunn, S. Tadlock, J. and Roberts, E.R. (2011). Encouraging Self-Regulated Learning in the Classroom: A Review of the Literature. Available at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/merc_pubs/18/ (accessed on 09/11/2019)