Localization and seasonal factors influencing air pollution of Makkah Tunnels and Pilgrimage Holy sites

(Ahmed Abdel-Halim Sawas and Mohamed Ismail Badawi)

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Abstract

King Fahd underground tunnel and Ajiad traffic/pedestrian tunnels are localized in same geographical valley and close to holy haram. Yet, King Fahd tunnel is considered a unique experiment due to its location as underground type and with extra wall ventilation system. Accumulations of air-pollutants were higher in King Fahd underground tunnel and least in Ajiad pedestrian tunnel. Pollutant concentration is proportionally related to number and frequency of movable vehicles in Makkah and holy pilgrimage sites. In addition, high concentration of carbon monoxide proportionally related with increase of weather temperature as recorded in both noon and evening measurement times. Consequently proper aeration adjustment is required to cope with day/night cycle. King Fahd tunnel aeration and dispersion of pollutant was less efficient than other tunnels. Possible recommendations have been presented toward remedy solution. However pollutant accumulation in King Khalid tunnel and pilgrimage holy sites are less in amount, but related also to number and frequency of movable vehicles. Possible measurements to decrease amount of pollutants in pilgrimage season may vary from Ramadan season. Key Word: Air pollution, Car tunnel, CO, SO2, NO2, Pilgrimage, Makkah, Holy sites.
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