Scientific Journal Of King Faisal University
Basic and Applied Sciences
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University / Basic and Applied Sciences
Human Bocavirus in Children with Respiratory Tract Infection: Molecular and Serological Detection
(Arwa Mujahid Al-Shuwaikh)Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus identified mostly in children under the age of two who have a respiratory illness. The goal of this study was to use molecular and serological techniques to investigate the prevalence of HBoV as well as the clinical characteristics of Iraqi children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The study included 91 children ranging in age from 1–36 months. Nasopharyngeal/throat swab samples were collected, processed and tested for HBoV DNA detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction. In addition, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect HBoV infection indirectly by measuring HBoV-IgM antibodies in serum. HBoV was found in 9.9% and 16.5% of samples, respectively, using the PCR and ELISA techniques. The ELISA test demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of 90.2%, 77.8% and 97.4%, respectively, when compared to PCR. HBoV infection was associated with clinical symptoms such as vomiting and asthma (P<0.05). The PCR technique was effective in detecting persistent HBoV infections in hospitalised children; however, combining it with an ELISA test improved the accuracy of diagnosing acute HBoV infections (rather than bystander/passenger RTIs) by assessing specific IgM antibodies in serum.
KEYWORDSChest infection, HBoV, ELISA, PCR, under-five children, Iraq
References
Ali, S.H., Al-Shuwaikh, A.M.A. and Arif, H.A. (2019). An investigation of risk factors associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a sample of infants and young children from Baghdad. Journal of Biotechnology Research Center, 13(1), 29–34.
Allander, T., Jartti, T., Gupta, S., Niesters, H.G.M., Lehtinen, P., Osterback, R., Vuorinen, T., Waris, M., Bjerkner, A., Tiveljung-Lindell, A., van den Hoogen, B.G., Hyypia, T. and Ruuskanen, O. (2007). Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44(7), 904–10. DOI: 10.1086/512196
Allander, T., Tammi, M.T., Eriksson, M., Bjerkner, A., Tiveljung-Lindell, A. and Andersson, B. (2005). Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102(36), 12891–6. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504666102
Al-Shuwaikh, A.M.A, Ali, S.H. and Arif, H.S. (2018). Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in infants and young children with chest infection: A comparison of reverse transcription-PCR technique to chromatographic immunoassay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences, 16(3), 319–26. DOI: 10.22578/IJMS.16.3.11
Arnold, J.C., Singh, K.K., Spector, S.A. and Sawyer M.H. (2006). Human bocavirus: Prevalence and clinical spectrum at a children’s hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 43(3), 283–8.DOI: 10.1086/505399
Bhat R. and Almajhdi, F.N. (2021). Induction of immune responses and immune evasion by human bocavirus. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 182(8),728–35. DOI: 10.1159/000514688
Broccoloa, F., Falconeb, V., Espositoc S. and Toniolod, A. (2015). Human bocaviruses: Possible etiologic role in respiratory infection. Journal of Clinical Virology, 72(n/a), 75–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.008
Calvo, C., García-García, M.L., Pozo, F., Paula, G., Molinero, M., Calderon, A., González-Esguevillas, M. and Casas, I. (2015). Respiratory syncytial virus coinfections with rhinovirus and human bocavirus in hospitalized children. Medicine, 94(42), e1788.DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000001788
Calvo, C., Pozo, F., García-García, M.L., Sanchez, M., Lopez-Valero, M., Pérez-Breña, P. and Casas, I. (2010). Detection of new respiratory viruses in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis: A three-year prospective study. Acta Paediatrica, 99(n/a), 883–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01714.x
Chow, B.D. and Esper, F.P. (2009). The human bocaviruses: a review and discussion of their role in infection. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 29(4), 695–713.DOI:10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.010
Chuang, C.Y., Kao, C.L., Huang, L.M., Lu, C.Y., Shao, P.L., Lee, P.I. and Chang, L.Y. (2011).Human bocavirus as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in Taiwanese children. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 44(5), 323–7.
Costa, L.D., Costa, P.S. and Camargos, P.A. (2014). Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: Is the virus the villain? Jornal de Pediatria, 90(6), 542–55.DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001
Endo, R., Ishiguro, N., Kikuta, H., Teramoto, S., Shirkoohi, R., Ma, X., Ebihara, T., Ishiko, H. and Ariga, T. (2007). Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45(10), 3218–23. DOI:10.1128/JCM.02140-06
Gu, K, Van Caeseele, P, Dust, K. and Ho. J. (2017). Atypical pneumonia due to human bocavirus in an immunocompromised patient. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 189(19), E697–9. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.161134
Guido, M., Tumolo, M.R., Verri, T., Romano, A., Serio, F., De Giorgi, M., De Donno, A., Bagordo, F. and Zizza, A. (2016). Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22(39), 8684–97.DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684
Hao, Y., Gao, J., Zhang, X., Liu, N., Li, J., Zheng L. and Duan, Z. (2015). Seroepidemiology of human bocaviruses 1 and 2 in China. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0122751. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122751
Hustedt, J.W., Christie, C., Hustedt, M.M., Esposito, D. and Vazquez, M. (2012). Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus infection in Jamaica. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e38206. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0038206
Kantola, K., Hedman, L., Allander, T., Jartti, T., Lehtinen, P., Ruuskanen, O., Hedman, K. and Soderlund-Venermo, M. (2008). Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(4), 540–6.DOI:10.1086/526532
Kantola, K., Hedman, L., Arthur, J., Alibeto, A., Delwart, E., Jartti, T., Ruuskanen, O., Hedman, K. and Soderlund-Venermo, M. (2011). Seroepidemiology of human bocaviruses 1–4. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204(1), 1403–12.DOI:10.1093/infdis/jir525
Kantola, K., Hedman, L. and Tanner, L. (2015). B-cell responses to human bocaviruses 1–4: New insights from a childhood follow-up study. PLoS ONE, 12(2), e0172078. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139096
Kaplan, N.M., Dove, W., Abu-Zeid, A.F., Shamoon, H.E., Abd-Eldayem, S.A. and Hart, C.A. (2006). Human bocavirus infection among children, Jordan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(9), 1418–20.
Lau, S.K., Yip, C.C., Que, T.L., Lee, R.A., Au-Yeung, R.K., Zhou, B., So, L.Y., Lau, Y.L., Chan, K.H., Woo, P.C. and Yuen, K.Y. (2007). Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human bocavirus in respiratory and fecal samples from children in Hong Kong. The Journal of Infectious Diseases,196(7), 986–93. DOI: 10.1086/521310
Lindner, J. and Modrow, S. (2008). Human bocavirus: A novel parvovirus to infecthumans. Intervirology, 51(2),116–22. DOI:10.1159/000137411
Malecki, M., Schildgen, V. and Schildgen, O. (2011). Human bocavirus: Still more questions than answers. Future Virology, 6(9), 1107–14.DOI:10.2217/fvl.11.78
Mandelcwajg, A., Moulin, F., Menager, C., Rozenberg, F., Lebon, P. and Gendre, D. (2010). Underestimation of influenza viral infection in childhood asthma exacerbations. The Journal of Pediatrics, 157(3), 505–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.067
Martin, E.T., Fairchok, M.P., Kuypers, J., Magaret, A., Zerr, D.M., Wald, A. and Englund, J.A. (2010). Frequent and prolonged shedding of bocavirus in young children attending daycare. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201(1), 1625–32. DOI: 10.1086/652405
Moesker, F.M., van Kampen, J.J.A., van der Eijk, A.A., van Rossum, A.M.C., de Hoog, M., Schutten, M., Smits, S.L., Bodewes, R., Osterhausk, A.D.M.E. and Fraaij, P.L.A. (2015). Human bocavirus infection as a cause of severe acute respiratory tract infection in children. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21(10), 964.e1–964.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.014
Mohammad, M., Yavarian, J., Karbasizade, V., Moghim, S., Esfahani B.N. and Hosseni, N.S. (2019). Phylogenetic analysis of human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory infections in Iran. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 66(4), 485–97. DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.017
Rasheed, Z.S., Al-Shuwaikh, A.M.A. and Issa, K.R. (2019). Multiplex RT-PCR based detection of human bocavirus and other respiratory viruses in infants and young children with lower respiratory tract infection. Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(1), 74–82. DOI: 10.22578/IJMS.17.1.11
Sloots, T.P., McErlean, P., Speicher, D.J., Arden, K.E., Nissen, M.D.and Mackay, I.M. (2006). Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children. Journal of Clinical Virology, 35(1), 99–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.008
Söderlund-Venermo, M., Lahtinen, A., Jartti, T., Hedman, L., Kemppainen, K., Lehtinen, P., Allander, T., Ruuskanen, O. and Hedman, K. (2009). Clinical assessment and improved diagnosis of bocavirus-induced wheezing in children, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9),1423–30. DOI: 10.3201/eid1509.090204
Watanabe, A.S.A., Luchs, A. and Leal, E. (2018). Complete genome sequences of six human bocavirus strains from patients with acute gastroenteritis in the north region of Brazil. Viruses, 6(17), e00235–18. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00235-18
Zaghloul, M.Z. (2011). Human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with respiratory tract infection by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Virology Journal, 8(n/a), 239. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-239
Ziemele, I., Xu, M., Vilmane, A., Rasa-Dzelzkalçja, S., Hedman, K., Söderlund-Venermo, M., Gardovska, D., Nora-Krûkle, Z. and Murovska, M. (2019). Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus 1 infection among hospitalised children with lower respiratpry tract infection in Latvia. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, Section B,73(4), 288–95. DOI:10.2478/prolas-2019-0046